August 30, 2024
by Zeth Angelo Bacaoco
Monkeypox, now called Mpox, has become an increasing concern in global health. The monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus and is linked to the smallpox virus, is the cause of this viral zoonotic illness. Though less deadly than smallpox, the virus has captured the attention of health authorities worldwide due to its potential in causing outbreaks far beyond its endemic regions in Central and West Africa. The disease was first identified in 1958 when two outbreaks occurred among monkeys being studied in a laboratory—hence the name monkeypox. However, it was not until 1970 that the first human case was recorded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
For many years, Mpox was considered a problem mostly limited to Africa. But as international travel has become more accessible, the virus has found its way into non-endemic areas, raising alarms across the globe.
Mpox spreads primarily through close contact with infected animals—especially rodents and primates—or through direct contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids, respiratory droplets, or skin lesions.
Human-to-human transmission is of concern in crowded environments where close interaction is common. The virus typically begins with symptoms that resemble the flu, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. A few days later, rashes appear, starting on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body. This rash progresses into fluid-filled pus, which eventually scab over and heal. While most cases tend to be mild, severe illness may occur, especially in young children, individuals with preexisting health conditions, and those with weak immune systems. Though the disease usually lasts between two and four weeks, serious complications like brain inflammation, respiratory distress, or secondary bacterial infections may arise in rare cases.
Moreover, in recent years, Mpox has emerged again in several non-endemic regions, causing major outbreaks. In 2022, there was a widespread outbreak across Europe, North America, and other parts of the world, marking a huge increase in global Mpox cases. Health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), countered by increasing surveillance, promoting early detection, and encouraging preventive measures. Vaccines that were originally developed for smallpox, such as Jynneos, have proven effective against Mpox and are being utilized to impede its spread.
The Philippines has not been spared from the global Mpox crisis. Recently, the Department of Health (DOH) confirmed multiple cases throughout the country. Between August 19 and 28, 2024, five new cases were recorded. From July 2022 to December 2023, the country recorded a total of nine confirmed Mpox cases, five of which occurred in 2023.
This year, cases have been reported in Metro Manila and Calabarzon, and health officials have confirmed these involve the milder MPVX Clade II strain, which has been circulating in the Philippines since 2022. Vaccine campaigns and public health awareness campaigns are part of the efforts to contain the Mpox outbreak. Despite these efforts, challenges remain. The virus’s animal reservoirs are still mostly unknown, which makes prevention methods more difficult to apply, and the disease is particularly difficult to control in areas with incomplete healthcare resources and infrastructure. Public health experts are pointing out the importance and value of cleanliness, avoiding contact with wild animals, and getting medical help as soon as symptoms appear.
Monkeypox serves as a stark reminder that zoonotic diseases remain a potent threat to global health. As the world grapples with COVID-19, the rise of monkeypox signals the need for enhanced preparedness and a proactive approach to emerging infectious diseases. Strengthening surveillance systems, investing in vaccine research, and fostering international cooperation are essential steps in preventing future outbreaks from spiraling out of control. Mpox may not be as dangerous as other viral infections, but it is still important to be prepared and practice preventative measures because of its recent development. By understanding its transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods, individuals and health systems can work together to mitigate its impact and prevent it from becoming a more widespread public health emergency.